The year 1848 witnessed major revolutionary activities throughout Europe. The revolutions started in France against the constitutional monarchy of Loius-Philippe. From France, the revolutions spread to all over Europe and even parts of South America. Over 50 countries were affected by the revolutions, even though there was little coordination between the revolutionaries. The revolutions were led by a coalition of reformers, the middle class and workers. But most of these revolutions were suppressed and thousands of people were killed. But it led to major achievements like the abolition of serfdom in Austria-Hungary, the abolition of absolute monarchy in Denmark and the beginning of parliamentary democracy in Netherlands.