Saturated solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water is called concentrated hydrochloric acid. It contains ________ by weight of hydrogen chloride.

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Solution

Saturated solution of hydrogen chloride gas in water is called concentrated hydrochloric acid. It contains $36 %$ by weight of hydrogen chloride.
Concentrated hydrochloric acid is made from hydrochloric acid solutions containing up to $36 % H C l$ by weight.
Chemically, concentrations higher than $40 %$ are possible , but rate of evaporation is very high and measures such as pressurization and refrigeration need to be taken for storage and handling.

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Name the following:
(i) Acid present in the stomach of mammals.
(ii) Drying agent used to dry hydrogen chloride.
(iii) Salt obtained by heating sodium chloride with concentrated sulphuric acid below 200 degree celsius.
(iv) Gas that yields dense white fumes when mixed with hydrogen chloride.
(v) Two solution that yield white precipitates, when treated with hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acid.
(vi) Gas obtained by treating metals with hydrochloric acid.
(vii) Gas obtained by treating ferrous sulphide with hydrochloric acid.
(viii) Five oxidizing agents that liberate chlorine from concentrated hydrochloric acid.
(ix) Acid used to extract glue from bones.
(x) A chloride which is soluble in excess of ammonium hydroxide.
(xi) A greenish yellow gas.
(xii) A chemical in which gold can be dissolved.
(xiii) A metallic oxide which reacts with hydrochloric acid to give a coloured solution.
(xiv) Two colourless gases which when mixed produce a white solid.

Explain, why (or give reasons for)
(i) In the laboratory preparation of hydrogen chloride from sodium chloride, the gas can be obtained below 200°C or above. But the lower temperature is preferred.
(ii) Hydrogen chloride is not collected over water.
(iii) Hydrochloric acid cannot be concentrated above 22.2% by boiling.
(iv) HCl gas does not conduct electricity, but hydrochloric acid conducts electricity.
(v) Only a very dilute solution of hydrogen chloride in water can be concentrated by boiling the solution while a very concentrated solution would become less concentrated when boiled.
(vi) When the stopper of a bottle full of HCl gas is opened there are fumes in the air.
(vii) A solution of HCl gas in water turns blue litmus red and conducts electricity, while HCl gas dissolves in toluene and it has no effect on litmus and does not conduct electricity.
(viii) An aqueous solution of chlorine is acidic in nature.

What would happen if
(i) Calcium oxide is used to dry hydrogen chloride.
(ii) Concentrated hydrochloric acid is kept open.
(iii) Hydrogen chloride prepared in laboratory, is passed through water, using a delivery tube.

Q. (a) Dry hydrogen chloride gas does not turn blue litmus red whereas hydrochloric acid does. Give one reason.

(b) An organic compound burns with a sooty flame. Is it a saturated or an unsaturated compound? Give reason.

Fill in the blanks:
(i) Aqua-regia is a mixture of _________.
(ii) A constant boiling mixture of water and hydrochloric acid is also called as _________.
(iii) ________ agent converts hydrochloric acid to chlorine.
(iv) Hydrogen and chlorine reacts in presence of _________ to form hydrogen chloride.
(v) On addition of silver nitrate to hydrochloric acid ________ precipitate is formed which is soluble in __________.
(vi) The white precipitate of lead chloride is soluble in __________.

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