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Question
Somatic embryo formation in tissue culture from explant is induced by high concentration of ________ in the culture medium.
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Solution
An embryo is an early stage in the development of multicellular organisms which are produced as a result of sexual reproduction. Embryos develop due to multiple mitotic (equational) divisions of the zygote (single cell formed due to the fusion of male and female gametes) in sexually reproducing organisms.
A somatic embryo is the one which is obtained from somatic cells of an organism. In plants, somatic embryos can be cultured artificially using the technique of tissue culture. This is known as somatic embryogenesis.
Tissue culture is the technique of growing plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile culture medium under controlled environmental conditions. The part of the plant (roots, shoots, leaves, anthers, buds, etc.) being artificially cultured is known as an explant.
The culture medium used for tissue culture contains plant gorwth hormones like auxins, cytokinins, etc. It also contains inorganic salts (to provide essential micro and macronutrients), carbohydrates (energy source), amino acids (for building proteins) and vitamins (act as cofactors to help enzyme activity in various metabolic reactions).
When an explant is cultured in a medium containing balanced levels of both auxins and cytokinins, its cells de-differentiate (lose specialisation) and become meristematic (actively dividing cells which help in plant growth) in nature. They undergo rapid mitotic divisions to form a callus, that means an unorganised mass of totipotent (capable of differentiating into any cell type) parenchyma cells.
When an explant is cultured in a medium containing high concentrations of auxin (2,4 - Dicholorophenoxy acetic acid or 2,4 - D), somatic embryo formation is induced. The development of somatic embryos is comparable to that of zygotic embryos formed due to sexual reproduction.
These young embryos can develop into mature embryos either on the same media or a different media. Each embryo can develop into a plantlet which again can develop into an entire plant.
GA3 or giberellic acid is another plant growth hormone that promotes stem elongation, seed germination, flowering, bolting (sudden enormous elongation of plant internodes), etc in plants.
Benzyl amino purine and 6 - furfuryl amino purine are cytokinin hormones. Their main function is to promote cell divisions in plants. High concentration of cytokinin in a culture media induces shoot formation in the callus.
A somatic embryo is the one which is obtained from somatic cells of an organism. In plants, somatic embryos can be cultured artificially using the technique of tissue culture. This is known as somatic embryogenesis.
Tissue culture is the technique of growing plant cells, tissues or organs in a sterile culture medium under controlled environmental conditions. The part of the plant (roots, shoots, leaves, anthers, buds, etc.) being artificially cultured is known as an explant.
The culture medium used for tissue culture contains plant gorwth hormones like auxins, cytokinins, etc. It also contains inorganic salts (to provide essential micro and macronutrients), carbohydrates (energy source), amino acids (for building proteins) and vitamins (act as cofactors to help enzyme activity in various metabolic reactions).
When an explant is cultured in a medium containing balanced levels of both auxins and cytokinins, its cells de-differentiate (lose specialisation) and become meristematic (actively dividing cells which help in plant growth) in nature. They undergo rapid mitotic divisions to form a callus, that means an unorganised mass of totipotent (capable of differentiating into any cell type) parenchyma cells.
When an explant is cultured in a medium containing high concentrations of auxin (2,4 - Dicholorophenoxy acetic acid or 2,4 - D), somatic embryo formation is induced. The development of somatic embryos is comparable to that of zygotic embryos formed due to sexual reproduction.
These young embryos can develop into mature embryos either on the same media or a different media. Each embryo can develop into a plantlet which again can develop into an entire plant.
GA3 or giberellic acid is another plant growth hormone that promotes stem elongation, seed germination, flowering, bolting (sudden enormous elongation of plant internodes), etc in plants.
Benzyl amino purine and 6 - furfuryl amino purine are cytokinin hormones. Their main function is to promote cell divisions in plants. High concentration of cytokinin in a culture media induces shoot formation in the callus.
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