The correct option is C al-Khwarizmi, who worked in the 9th century CE, developed
The clause "who worked in the 9th century CE" is a non-restrictive relative clause as it is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. This is why it requires the commas- "The Persian mathematician al-Khwarizmi, who worked in the 9th century CE, developed...". So, the correct answer is option D.