(i) In course of moving from one place to another the pastoral groups had to judge how long the herds could stay in a certain area and know where they could find ample water and pasture.
(ii) They needed to calculate the timing of their movements and ensure that they could move through different territories.
(iii) They had to set a relationship with farmers on the way, so that the heads could graze in harvested fields and manure the soil.