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B
Humus
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C
Petrification
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D
Minerals
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Solution
The correct option is A Humus The dark black upper layer of the soil is known as humus. It is the dead remains of plants and animals that have been decomposed by bacteria and fungi. This humus-rich soil increases the aeration capacity of soil and also helps in the penetration of roots of plants. The decomposition of organic matter helps in bringing the plant and animal residues back to the soil.