The correct option is A cover
Let’s examine the sentence: “The pleura that cover the exterior of the lungs and the inner walls of the chest vavity is a thin elastic membrane.” The sentence has the subject, ‘pleura,’ as a singular noun and the verb, ‘cover,’ is referring to it only. In this case, according to the rules of Subject-Verb agreement, the verb should end with an‘s’ as it is used for singular noun. In a simple present sentence where he, she, it or a name is the subject, verbs can end in -s or -es depending on the way the verb ends. The usage of the verb ‘is’ clearly suggests that the sentence is of simple present tense. Hence, the word or phrase that must be changed for the sentence to be correct is indicated by Option A. Option A is the correct answer.