What are ionic bonds , covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds?
What are ionic bonds , covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds?
Covalent Bonding Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals; however, it can also be observed between nonmetals and metals.
If atoms have similar electronegativities (the same affinity for electrons), covalent bonds are most likely to occur. Because both atoms have the same affinity for electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them, they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable. In addition, the ionization energy of the atom is too large and the electron affinity of the atom is too small for ionic bonding to occur. For example: carbon does not form ionic bonds because it has 4 valence electrons, half of an octet. To form ionic bonds, Carbon molecules must either gain or lose 4 electrons. This is highly unfavorable; therefore, carbon molecules share their 4 valence electrons through single, double, and triple bonds so that each atom can achieve noble gas configurations. Covalent bonds include interactions of the sigma and pi orbitals; therefore, covalent bonds lead to formation of single, double, triple, and quadruple bonds.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. The ions are atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions, which are negatively charged) and atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations, which are positively charged). This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH4+ or SO42−. In simpler words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
What are polar covalent Bonds?
Polar covalent bonds are a particular type of covalent bond.
In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. This is because of the geometry of the molecule and the great electronegativity difference between the Hydrogen atom and the Oxygen atom.
The result of this pattern of unequal electron association is a charge separation in the molecule, where one part of the molecule, the Oxygen, has a parital negative charge and the Hydrogens have a partial positive charge.
You should note this molecule is not an ion because there is no excess of proton or electrons, but there is a simple charge separation in this electrically neutral molecule.
Water is not the only molecule that can have polor covalent bonds. Examples of other molecules that have polar covalent bonds are Peptide bonds and amines .
The biological consequence of polar covalent bonds is that these kinds of bonds can lead to the formation of a weak bond called a hydrogen bond.
Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. This bonding occurs primarily between nonmetals; however, it can also be observed between nonmetals and metals.
If atoms have similar electronegativities (the same affinity for electrons), covalent bonds are most likely to occur. Because both atoms have the same affinity for electrons and neither has a tendency to donate them, they share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable. In addition, the ionization energy of the atom is too large and the electron affinity of the atom is too small for ionic bonding to occur. For example: carbon does not form ionic bonds because it has 4 valence electrons, half of an octet. To form ionic bonds, Carbon molecules must either gain or lose 4 electrons. This is highly unfavorable; therefore, carbon molecules share their 4 valence electrons through single, double, and triple bonds so that each atom can achieve noble gas configurations. Covalent bonds include interactions of the sigma and pi orbitals; therefore, covalent bonds lead to formation of single, double, triple, and quadruple bonds.
Ionic Bonding
Ionic bonding is a type of chemical bonding that involves the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, and is the primary interaction occurring in ionic compounds. The ions are atoms that have gained one or more electrons (known as anions, which are negatively charged) and atoms that have lost one or more electrons (known as cations, which are positively charged). This transfer of electrons is known as electrovalence in contrast to covalence. In the simplest case, the cation is a metal atom and the anion is a nonmetal atom, but these ions can be of a more complex nature, e.g. molecular ions like NH4+ or SO42−. In simpler words, an ionic bond is the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in order to obtain a full valence shell for both atoms.
Polar Covalent Bonds
What are polar covalent Bonds?
Polar covalent bonds are a particular type of covalent bond.
In a polar covalent bond, the electrons shared by the atoms spend a greater amount of time, on the average, closer to the Oxygen nucleus than the Hydrogen nucleus. This is because of the geometry of the molecule and the great electronegativity difference between the Hydrogen atom and the Oxygen atom.
The result of this pattern of unequal electron association is a charge separation in the molecule, where one part of the molecule, the Oxygen, has a parital negative charge and the Hydrogens have a partial positive charge.
You should note this molecule is not an ion because there is no excess of proton or electrons, but there is a simple charge separation in this electrically neutral molecule.
Water is not the only molecule that can have polor covalent bonds. Examples of other molecules that have polar covalent bonds are Peptide bonds and amines .
The biological consequence of polar covalent bonds is that these kinds of bonds can lead to the formation of a weak bond called a hydrogen bond.
