Question

What are the basic electrical principles?

Answer 1

Basic electrical principles

Voltage:

1. Voltage is defined as the energy required to move a charge between two points in a circuit.
2. Voltage is the difference in electrical potential between two places.
3. SI of voltage is volt, denoted as $V$.
4. $1$ Volt is defined as the electric potential between two points of a conducting wire when an electric current of one ampere dissipates one watt of power between those points.
5. The unit is named after Alessandro Volta, an Italian physicist who is credited with creating what is regarded as the first chemical battery.

Current:

1. A stream of charged particles, such as electrons or ions, traveling through an electrical conductor or vacuum is known as an electric current.
2. It is the the net rate of electric charge flowing through a surface or into a control volume.
3. It describes how much charge travels past a certain point in a circuit over a specified period of time.
4. In a circuit, a current of $1$ ampere corresponds to the movement of $1$ coulomb of electrons, or $6.24$ billion billion ($6.24\times {10}^{18}$) electrons, through a single point in a second.

Resistance:

1. Resistance is the opposition offered by the conductor to the flow of electrons i.e., to current.
2. Its SI unit is ohm and is denoted as $\Omega$.
3. Electrical conductors have have low resistance.
4. Electrical insulators have high resistance.
5. Semiconductors have resistance more than conductors but less than insulators.

Ohm's law

1. The relationship between the above three quantities is given by ohm's law.
2. Ohm's law states that, “the current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference between the two ends of the conductor”.
3. If $V$ is the voltage between the ends of the conductor, $I$ is the current in the conductor, and $R$ is the resistance offered by the conductor, then,
   $V=IR$

Kirchoff's Current Law

1. It states that, “the algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero”.
2. A node is a junction in the conductor where three or more conducting lines meet.
3. It is a point where multiple conductors meet.
4. It is the law that is based on the law of conservation of charge.
   $I_{\text{in}}=I_{\text{out}}$, where $I$ denotes current.

Kirchoff's Voltage Law

1. Kirchoff's voltage law states that, “in any closed loop network, the total voltage around the loop is equal to the sum of all the voltage drops within the same loop”.
2. A loop is a closed path where charge can move.
3. This law is based on the conservation of energy.
   $V=\sum _i{V}_i$, where $V_i$ is the individual voltage drop in the circuit.