What are the causes for

(a) Temporary hardness

(b) Permanent hardness

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Solution

Hard water does not form lather with soaps as a result of which effectiveness of water for washing purposes get reduced.The two types of hardness are caused by- a. Temporary Hardness- Caused by the presence of bicarbonates of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ions. b.Permanent Hardness- Caused by the presence of soluble calcium or magnesium sulphate salts.

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