Covalent bonds are characterised by the following parameter
a. Bond energy
b. Bond length
c. Bond angle
A. Bond Energy : Its defined as the energy required to break the one mole of a compound to its constituent atoms. It depends on
1. Size of the atom : Larger the size smaller is the bond energy
2. Multiplicity : Increases with increase in multiplicity
3. Lone pair: More the number of lone pair less will be the bond enthalpy due to more repulsion
B. Bond length : Average distance between the centre of the nucleus of the two atoms which are bonded.
1. Size of the atom : Larger the size larger is the bond energy
2. Multiplicity : Decreases with increase in multiplicity
C. Bond angle: Angle between the orbitals of the bonded atoms.
1. More the lone pair repulsion less will be the bond angle.