Following are the steps involved in the formation of root nodules.
1) Plant and bacterium recognize each other for root hair attachment.
2) Nod factor is oligosaccharide signalling molecules that are secreted by the bacterium.
3) Root hair gets invaded by bacteria.
4) Infection thread is formed and bacteria get transferred to the main root.
5) Bacteroids that are modified bacterial cells are formed within the cell. This leads to the development of Nitrogen fixation stage. The bacteroids result from rapid multiplication of rhizobia inside plant cells. They form a swollen tumour-like structure. Bacteroids are surrounded by plant cytoplasmic membrane and the whole structure is called symbiosome. After formation of symbiosome, the nitrogen fixation stage starts.
6) Mature root nodule is formed by cell division of plant and bacteria.