What does "work done against the surroundings "mean-- work done on the system or work done by the system?

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Solution

$I t m e a n s w o r k d o n e o n t h e s y s t e m . T h i s w o r k i s d o n e e x t e r n a l l y a n d i t i s c o n s i d e r e d n e g a t i v e .$

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What does "work done against the surroundings "mean-- work done on the system or work done by the system?

It means work done on the system. This work is done externallyand it is considered negative.

$I t m e a n s w o r k d o n e o n t h e s y s t e m . T h i s w o r k i s d o n e e x t e r n a l l y a n d i t i s c o n s i d e r e d n e g a t i v e .$