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Standard X

Chemistry

Structure of Carboxylic Acids

What happens ...

Question

What happens to the polarity of CO Bond in an alcohol(R-OH) and an ether(ROR) as the size of R(alkyl) group increases?

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"The acidic nature of alcohols is due to the polar nature of OH bond. And electron releasing group (-CH3, -C2H5) increases electron density on oxygen tending to decrease the polarity of O-H bond."

Please explain how increase in electron density on Oxygen atom decreases polarity.

Q. For the reaction between alkyl halide and

O H^{-}

increase in solvent polarity generally:

When the size of elements increases down the group, what happens to the ionisation energy?

Q. Alkyl halides and alcohols easily undergo nucleophilic substitution either through

S_{N} 1

S_{N} 2

mechanism. The relative case of these two processes depends upon the nature of the substrate (alkyl group) as well as leaving group, nature of nucleophile and also upon the nature of the solvent.

S_{N} 1

mechanism involves the formation of carbocation as intermediate while

S_{N} 2

mechanism involves the formation of a transition pentavalent state.

S_{N} 1

is the main mechanism in

3^{0}

alkyl halides and alcohols, while

S_{N} 2

mechanism is the path adopted by most of the

1^{o}

alkly halides;

2^{o}

alkyl halides may follow

S_{N} 1

as well as

S_{N} 2

What happens when

1^{o} R O H

react with

H X

Q. Alkyl halides are formed when thionyl Chloride and __ are refluxed in presence of pyridine. The order of reactivity

(3^{o} > 2^{0} > 1^{0})

is due to the +I effect of the alkyl group which ____________The polarity of CX bond.

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