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Question
What is meant by Kabirlarai in Bengal? Why were these organised?
Or
Why have the historians described the 19th century indentured labour system as a 'new system of slavery'? Explain any three reasons.
Or
"The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional industries in England." Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments.
Or
Why have the historians described the 19th century indentured labour system as a 'new system of slavery'? Explain any three reasons.
Or
"The modern industrialization could not marginalize the traditional industries in England." Justify the statement with any three suitable arguments.
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Solution
In Bengali language, 'Kabi' means poet and larai means contest. Thus, the word Kabirlarai means contest of the poets or poetry contests. These were a popular form of entertainment.
These were usually patronised and encouraged by the rich people of Calcutta for entertainment. In Kabirlarai, two persons who were lyricist and composer at the same time, answered each other in form of songs: It was also referred to as 'Kabigan'.
The flourishing period of the Kabiwalas was between 1760 and 1830 in Bengal. The famous 19th century 'Kebivralas' of Calcutta were Haru Thakur, Nitai Vairagi, Ram Basu, Shahs Matra and Anthony Firinghee. However, while Kabigan lost its supremacy in Calcutta, it retained its position in the villages of West Bengal.
Or
The 19th century indentured labour system has been described as a new system of slavery because
(i) Recruiting agents gave false information to tempt the labourers. Labourers were, sometimes, forcibly abducted.
(ii) On arriving at the plantations, they found conditions to be different from what they had imagined. Their living conditions were harsh.
(iii) Their payment was little. Deductions were made from wages If the work was found unsatisfactory. The workers had no legal rights.
Or
The modern industrialization could not marginalized the traditional industries in England because
(i) Even at the end of the 19th century. less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside within domestic units.
(ii) Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, tanning, furniture and production of implements.
(iii) New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.
These were usually patronised and encouraged by the rich people of Calcutta for entertainment. In Kabirlarai, two persons who were lyricist and composer at the same time, answered each other in form of songs: It was also referred to as 'Kabigan'.
The flourishing period of the Kabiwalas was between 1760 and 1830 in Bengal. The famous 19th century 'Kebivralas' of Calcutta were Haru Thakur, Nitai Vairagi, Ram Basu, Shahs Matra and Anthony Firinghee. However, while Kabigan lost its supremacy in Calcutta, it retained its position in the villages of West Bengal.
Or
The 19th century indentured labour system has been described as a new system of slavery because
(i) Recruiting agents gave false information to tempt the labourers. Labourers were, sometimes, forcibly abducted.
(ii) On arriving at the plantations, they found conditions to be different from what they had imagined. Their living conditions were harsh.
(iii) Their payment was little. Deductions were made from wages If the work was found unsatisfactory. The workers had no legal rights.
Or
The modern industrialization could not marginalized the traditional industries in England because
(i) Even at the end of the 19th century. less than 20 per cent of the total workforce was employed in technologically advanced industrial sectors. Textiles was a dynamic sector, but a large portion of the output was produced not within factories, but outside within domestic units.
(ii) Seemingly ordinary and small innovations were the basis of growth in many non-mechanised sectors such as food processing, tanning, furniture and production of implements.
(iii) New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were cautious about using it.
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