What is the difference between sigma and sigma star, and pi and pi star

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Solution

The differences between sigma and pi bonds are as follows:

Sigma bond Pi bond

(i) This bond is formed by lateral overlap of atomic orbitals. (i) This bond is formed by sideways overlap of atomic orbitals.

(ii) This bond is formed by the overlap of s–s,s–p or p–p orbitals. (ii) This bond is formed by the overlap of p orbitals. Sometimes d orbitals may also participate in pi bonding.

(iii) This bond is stronger because of larger extent of overlapping. (iii) This bond is weaker because of lesser extent of overlapping.

(iv) There can be free rotation of atoms around s bond. (iv) Free rotation of atoms around p bond is not possible.

(v) This bond may be present alone or with a pi bond. (v) This bond is always present with a sigma bond.

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	Sigma bond		Pi bond
(i)	This bond is formed by lateral overlap of atomic orbitals.	(i)	This bond is formed by sideways overlap of atomic orbitals.
(ii)	This bond is formed by the overlap of s–s,s–p or p–p orbitals.	(ii)	This bond is formed by the overlap of p orbitals. Sometimes d orbitals may also participate in pi bonding.
(iii)	This bond is stronger because of larger extent of overlapping.	(iii)	This bond is weaker because of lesser extent of overlapping.
(iv)	There can be free rotation of atoms around s bond.	(iv)	Free rotation of atoms around p bond is not possible.
(v)	This bond may be present alone or with a pi bond.	(v)	This bond is always present with a sigma bond.