These are pteridophytes, nonflowering, vascular plants containing both xylem and phloem with true roots, stems, and complex leaves that reproduce by spores.
The life cycle of fern has two different stages, namely sporophyte, and gametophyte.
Sporophyte releases spores, and they are diploid, gametophyte releases gametes, and they are haploid.
So ferns undergo two generations of plants to complete their life cycle, a life cycle that is called the alternation of generation.
Life cycle in the fern is diplo-haplontic, in this dominant concurrent sporophyte phase is the first phase, and the second is the gametophyte phase.
Examples for ferns: Drynaria rigidula, Asplenium nidus, Selaginella
