The Lagrangian function, also known as the Lagrangian quantity, characterizes the state of a physical system.
The Lagrangian function in mechanics is simply the kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion minus the potential energy or energy of position.
The mechanics are a reformulation of classical mechanics that was introduced in 1788 by the Italian-French mathematician and astronomer Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
Simply, if you know the Lagrangian for a classical system, you can predict how it will behave.