Schrodinger's discovery was the Schrodinger equation which associates wavefunctions with quantum (atomic) particles.
Schrodinger's equation is given as, . Here, denotes the Hamiltonian, which when operated on a wavefunction , gives the energy of the state of the particle represented by the wavefunction.
A wavefunction is a function that contains information on the state of a quantum particle. Information such as energy, momentum, and position of the particle can be derived from the wave function.
Hence, Schrodinger's discovery was the Schrodinger equation.