Question

When conductors connected to an EMF device, are the charge distribution and movement of charges throughout the surface or the bulk?

Answer 1

It depends on the frequency. DC electricity travels through the bulk cross section of the wire.

A changing electrical current (AC) experiences the skin-effect where the electricity flows more easily in the surface layers. The higher the frequency the thinner the surface layer that is usable in a wire. At normal household AC (50/60hz) the skin depth is about 8-10mm but at microwave frequencies the depth of the metal that the current flows in is about the same as a wavelength of visible light.