Which element has the highest second ionization energy?

N a

; one electron is removed from a full

2 p

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M g

; both electrons are removed from a full

3 s

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C a

; valence electrons are removed from a full

4 s

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R b

; one electron is removed from a full

4 p

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Solution

The correct option is A $N a$ ; one electron is removed from a full $2 p$ .
It doesn't take much energy to remove one electron from a sodium atom to form an $N a^{+}$ ion with a filled-shell electron configuration. The first ionization energy of magnesium is larger than sodium because magnesium has one more proton in its nucleus to hold on to the electrons in the $3 s$ orbital.

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