Which of the following are the methods of formation of carbene?
2. I) Photolysis or pyrolysis of aliphatic diazo compounds (e.g., diazomethane).
i. CH2N2 △ or hv−−−−→ :CH2+N2
ii. R−CHN2 △ or hv−−−−→ RCH:N2
II) Photolysis or pyrolysis of ketenes.
CH2=C=O △ or hv−−−−→:CH2+N2
III) Simmons-Smith reactions:
CH2I2△−−−−−−−−→Zn/Cu couple :CH2+ZnI2
IV) By the reaction of base on suitable polyhalogen compounds:
i). CH3Cl3+NaOH ⟶ :CCl2+NaCl+H2O
ii). CHBr3+C2H5ONa ⟶ CBr2+C2H5OH+NaBr
iii). CHClBrl+C2H5ONaC−I breaks−−−−−−−→: CClBr+C2H5OH+Nal