Which of the following is active species in sulphonation of benzene?

S O_{3}

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S O_{3}^{+}

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S O_{3}^{-}

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H S O_{4}^{+}

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Solution

The correct option is A $S O_{3}$
Sulphonation of benzene is the substitution of the hydrogen atom of benzene molecule by $- S O_{3} H$ (sulphonic acid) group.
Sulphur trioxide $S O_{3}$ is active species in sulphonation of benzene. $S O_{3}$ acts as an electrophile and accepts a pair of pi electrons from benzene.
Generation of electrophile
$H_{2} S O_{4} + H_{2} S O_{4} ⇌ H_{3} O^{+} + H S O_{4}^{-} + S O_{3}$

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H_{2} S O_{4}

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H S O_{3} F

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