The correct option is D VNTR
Variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) is not associated with Human genome Project (HGP). A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) is a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat. These can be found on many chromosomes and often show variations in length (number of repeats) among individuals.
Bioinformatics is useful in human genome projects as it identifies genes and their functions.
While carrying out the procedure of HGP, DNA fragments are inserted into cloning vectors BAC and YAC to get them cloned.
Given a sample of DNA, an automated DNA sequencer is used to determine the order of the four bases: G (guanine), C (cytosine), A (adenine) and T (thymine).
Hence, options a, b and c are associated with Human Genome Project (HGP).