Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?

What causes labor market pathologies that result in suffering

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Why income measures are imprecise in measuring degrees of poverty

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Which of the currently used statistical procedures are the best for estimating the incidence of hardship that is due to unemployment

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Where the areas of agreement are among poverty, employment, and earnings figures

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How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities

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Solution

The correct option is E How social statistics give an unclear picture of the degree of hardship caused by low wages and insufficient employment opportunities
The passage initially talks about, how social statistics over estimate the percentage of suffering due to joblessness and then also talks about how social statistics underestimate when it comes to the working poor. Hence we can understand that, we are talking about the lack of clarify in social statistics. Hence option (e) is the answer.

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How many really suffer as a result of labor market problems? This is one of the most critical yet contentious social policy questions. In many ways, our social statistics exaggerate the degree of hardship. Unemployment does not have the same dire consequences today as it did in the 1930’s when most of the unemployed were primary breadwinners, when income and earnings were usually much closer to the margin of subsistence, and when there were no countervailing social programs for those failing in the labor market. Increasing affluence, the rise of families with more than one wage earner, the growing predominance of secondary earners among the unemployed, and improved social welfare protection have unquestionably mitigated the consequences of joblessness. Earnings and income data also overstate the dimensions of hardship. Among the millions with hourly earnings at or below the minimum wage level, the overwhelming majority are from multiple-earner, relatively affluent families. Most of those counted by the poverty statistics are elderly or handicapped or have family responsibilities which keep them out of the labor force, so the poverty statistics are by no means an accurate indicator of labor market pathologies.

Yet there are also many ways our social statistics underestimate the degree of labor-market-related hardship. The unemployment counts exclude the millions of fully employed workers whose wages are so low that their families remain in poverty. Low wages and repeated or prolonged unemployment frequently interact to undermine the capacity for self-support. Since the number experiencing joblessness at some time during the year is several times the number unemployed in any month, those who suffer as a result of forced idleness can equal or exceed average annual unemployment, even though only a minority of the jobless in any month really suffer. For every person counted in the monthly unemployment tallies, there is another working part-time because of the inability to find full-time work, or else outside the labor force but wanting a job. Finally, income transfers in our country have always focused on the elderly, disabled, and dependent, neglecting the needs of the working poor, so that the dramatic expansion of cash and in-kind transfers does not necessarily mean that those failing in the labor market are adequately protected.

As a result of such contradictory evidence, it is uncertain whether those suffering seriously as a result of labor market problems number in the hundreds of thousands or the tens of millions, and, hence, whether high levels of joblessness can be tolerated or must be countered by job creation and economic stimulus. There is only one area of agreement in this debate—that the existing poverty, employment, and earnings statistics are inadequate for one their primary applications, measuring the consequences of labor market problems.

Q. Which of the following is the principal topic of the passage?

Which of the following government factors are determined by the degree and extent of production, employment and income?

Low employment among women is a reflection of economic backwardness of a country. You have been asked to suggest the measures for increased employment opportunities for women.

Which of the following standards are measured by CSO?

Code:

1 and 3 only
1 and 2 only
All of these
2 and 3 only

Q. State whether the following statements are True or False

1) Statistic is a science.

2) Statistics is affected by multiplicity of causes.

3) Statistical laws are not mathematically correct.

4) Statistics is numerically expressed.

5) Statistics cannot be used in research.

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