The correct option is D Some villages have been patrolling their own forests, instead of relying only on the forest guards for the protection of forests.
Although there have been studies on sustainable forest management, these studies were the initiative of the forest management bodies and not the villages.
The government and villagers upheld these practices. Villagers organised movements like Chipko and Save Aarey. They patrolled the forests and used other methods to conserve forests.