The correct option is (d) An overproduction of the hormone produced by the pineal gland can cause goitre.
The pineal gland is a tiny endocrine gland found in the brain. It produces and secretes the melatonin, which is a hormone that helps regulate biological rhythms such as sleep and wake cycles. The secretion of melatonin is inhibited by light and triggered by darkness. Clinical studies have demonstrated that melatonin treatment for infertile women increases intra-follicular melatonin concentrations, reduces intra-follicular oxidative damage, and increases the chances of pregnancy.