The correct option is D All of the above
Many social evils like the denial of equal opportunity and exploitation prevailed in Kerala due to rigid caste hierarchy. Discrimination was apparent in clothing, occupation, dwellings, language and even names. Women were denied equal opportunities. It is this social condition that prompted Swami Vivekananda to describe Kerala as a 'lunatic asylum'.
Evil customs and practices existed in other parts of India and the social reform movements that were organized to eradicate them. Similarly, during the same period, several social reform movements were formed in Kerala as well to tackle them.
Chattampi Swamikal was a philanthropist who worked for the benefit and well being of human society irrespective of caste and creed. He was born at Kannammoola in Thiruvananthapuram.