Why $+ 3$ oxidation state is stable in heavier elements of Group 15?

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Solution

As we move down in Group 15, we can see the inert pair effect. This effect impacts the penetration effect of ‘ $s$ orbitals. These orbitals penetrate and come closer to the nucleus and enjoy greater nuclear attraction. Also, these orbitals, then, don’t participate in bonding. This is the reason why the stability of $+ 3$ oxidation state increases in heavier elements of Group 15 in comparison with $+ 5$ oxidation state.

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