Question

Why are 13th group elements able to form covalent bond?

Answer 1

The elements of group 13 have lower first ionization energies as compared to group-II metals. Because s-orbitals is completely filled and also has more penetrating power than p-orbital. Therefore, it is easier to remove the electron from p-orbital as compared to s-orbital. They show the trend of ionization energy as expected on the basis of size. The sum of IE₁ + IE₂ + IE₃ for each element is very high. Thus boron has no tendency to form ions, and always form covalent bonds. The other elements normally form covalent compounds except in solution.