Pyrometallurgy, extraction and purification of metals by processes involving the application of heat. The most important operations are roasting smelting, and refining. Roasting, or heating in air without fusion, transforms sulfide ores into oxides, the sulfur escaping as sulfur dioxide, a gas. Smelting is the process used in blast furnaces to reduce iron ores. Tin, copperand lead ores are also smelted.