Write a few lines to show what you know about: (a) kulaks (b) the Duma (c) women workers between 1900 and 1930 (d) the Liberals (e) Stalin’s collectivization programmes
Write a few lines to show what you know about: (a) kulaks (b) the Duma (c) women workers between 1900 and 1930 (d) the Liberals (e) Stalin’s collectivization programmes
(a) Kulaks: Kulaks were rich farmers. It is the Russian term for wealthy peasants who Stalin believed were hoarding grains to gain more profit. They were raided in 1928 and their supplies were confiscated. According to Marxism-Leninism, kulaks were a class enemy of the poor peasants. Stalin had to put the collectivization programmes in place to eliminate the kulaks, and establish large, state-controlled farms.
(b) The Duma: Formed on 6 August 1905, under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, it was initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the October Manifesto, Tsar Nicholas II endowed it with legislative and oversight powers.
(c) Women workers between 1900 and 1930: They made up 31% of the factory labor force by 1914, but were paid almost half and three-quarters of the wages given to men. The women workers led the way to strikes during the February Revolution.
(d) The Liberals: They wanted a secular nation. Although the liberals wanted an elected parliamentary form of governance, they believed that the right to vote must only belong to men, and that too the ones who were property holders.
(e) Stalin’s collectivization programmes: This was implemented in 1929 in order to increase grain produce and avoid hoarding by kulaks. The programme entailed collective farms where peasants were made to work together. All land and implements were to be owned by the state. Kolkhoz profit was meant to be shared by all the people working on these farms. But this policy was unpopular and cultivators destroyed their livestock in protest.
(a) Kulaks: Kulaks were rich farmers. It is the Russian term for wealthy peasants who Stalin believed were hoarding grains to gain more profit. They were raided in 1928 and their supplies were confiscated. According to Marxism-Leninism, kulaks were a class enemy of the poor peasants. Stalin had to put the collectivization programmes in place to eliminate the kulaks, and establish large, state-controlled farms.
(b) The Duma: Formed on 6 August 1905, under the pressure of the Russian Revolution of 1905, it was initially thought to be an advisory organ. In the October Manifesto, Tsar Nicholas II endowed it with legislative and oversight powers.
(c) Women workers between 1900 and 1930: They made up 31% of the factory labor force by 1914, but were paid almost half and three-quarters of the wages given to men. The women workers led the way to strikes during the February Revolution.
(d) The Liberals: They wanted a secular nation. Although the liberals wanted an elected parliamentary form of governance, they believed that the right to vote must only belong to men, and that too the ones who were property holders.
(e) Stalin’s collectivization programmes: This was implemented in 1929 in order to increase grain produce and avoid hoarding by kulaks. The programme entailed collective farms where peasants were made to work together. All land and implements were to be owned by the state. Kolkhoz profit was meant to be shared by all the people working on these farms. But this policy was unpopular and cultivators destroyed their livestock in protest.
