Fragmentation
It is a form of asexual reproduction in which an entirely new organism is formed from a fragment of the parent. It occurs in multicellular organisms, whose body organization is fairly simple such as annelids, starfish, fungi, lichens, and some algae such as spirogyra. The filaments of spirogyra, upon maturation, break into small pieces or fragments, which grow into new individuals.
Vegetative propagation
It is the ability of plants to reproduce by producing new plants from vegetative parts such as roots, stem, and leaves.
Spore formation:
Spore formation is the mode of asexual reproduction in some organisms like fungi in which it gives rise to a globular structure known as sporangia, which contains spores. The sporangia burst to release spores and each of these spores germinates to produce a new individual.
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