Write short notes on:
(1) Catenation
(2)Functional group
(3) Homologous series
Write short notes on:
(1) Catenation
(2)Functional group
(3) Homologous series
1. Catenation: The property of carbon atom to form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains of carbon atoms is called catenation. Such carbon chains can be straight or branched, which form large molecules and also ring−like structures. The bonds formed between carbon atoms during catenation can be single, double or triple covalent bonds.
2. Functional group: The atoms or group of atoms present in the molecule, which determines the characteristic property of organic compounds are called the functional group. The chemical properties of different compounds having the same functional group are different. For example, halides (F, Cl, Br, I), aldehyde (−CHO), Hydroxyl (−OH), Carboxyl (−COOH) are some of the functional groups.
There exists a homologous series of one particular type of functional group. For example, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers etc.
3. Homologous series: It is a group of organic compounds containing same functional group, which can be represented by the same general formula, and which have similar trends in their properties. In the general formula of compounds of a homologous series, the symbol R is used to represent its functional group.
• The alkane family is a homologous family, which have linear molecules. For example, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, butane C4H10, pentane C5H12.
• Alcohols (R−OH), Aldehydes (R−CHO), Carboxylic acid (R−COOH), Ketones (R−C(=O)−R') are some of the homologous series and their general formulae.
1. Catenation: The property of carbon atom to form bonds with other carbon atoms to form long chains of carbon atoms is called catenation. Such carbon chains can be straight or branched, which form large molecules and also ring−like structures. The bonds formed between carbon atoms during catenation can be single, double or triple covalent bonds.
2. Functional group: The atoms or group of atoms present in the molecule, which determines the characteristic property of organic compounds are called the functional group. The chemical properties of different compounds having the same functional group are different. For example, halides (F, Cl, Br, I), aldehyde (−CHO), Hydroxyl (−OH), Carboxyl (−COOH) are some of the functional groups.
There exists a homologous series of one particular type of functional group. For example, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, ethers etc.
3. Homologous series: It is a group of organic compounds containing same functional group, which can be represented by the same general formula, and which have similar trends in their properties. In the general formula of compounds of a homologous series, the symbol R is used to represent its functional group.
• The alkane family is a homologous family, which have linear molecules. For example, ethane C2H6, propane C3H8, butane C4H10, pentane C5H12.
• Alcohols (R−OH), Aldehydes (R−CHO), Carboxylic acid (R−COOH), Ketones (R−C(=O)−R') are some of the homologous series and their general formulae.
