Consider the nitration of benzene using mixed conc. $H_{2} S O_{4}$ and $H N O_{3}$ . If a large amount of $K H S O_{4}$ is added to the mixture, the rate of nitration will be :

Doubled

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Faster

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Slower

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Unchanged

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Solution

The correct option is C Slower
During nitration of benzene with a mixture of nitric acid and sulphuric acid, when large amount of $K H S O_{4}$ is added, the rate of nitration will be slower.
Sulphuric acid helps in the formation of electrophile $N O_{2}^{+}$ .

$H O N O_{2} + H_{2} S O_{4} ⇌ 2 [H S O_{4}]^{-} + H_{3} O^{+} + N O_{2}^{+}$

When large amount of $K H S O_{4}$ is added, it will provide $H S O_{4}^{-}$ (common ion) which will decreases the concentration of $N O_{2}^{+}$ .

Hence, option (b) is correct.

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