Distinguish by adding Ammonium hydroxide solution to Copper salt and Zinc salt.

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Solution

On adding ammonium hydroxide solution to copper salt and zinc salt, the following reactions will take place.
Salt When a small amount of Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) is added When an excess of Ammonium hydroxide (NH₄OH) is added
Copper salt
Pale blue precipitates develop
${CuSO}_{4} (s) + 2 {NH}_{4} OH (aq) \to Cu {(OH)}_{2} (s) + {({NH}_{4})}_{2} {SO}_{4} (aq) Copper sulphate Ammonium hydroxide Copper hydroxide Ammonium sulphate$
A deep blue solution develops
$Cu {(OH)}_{2} (s) + 4 {NH}_{4} OH (aq) \to Cu {({NH}_{3})}_{4} {(OH)}_{2} + 4 H_{2} O (l) Copper hydroxide Ammonium hydroxide Tetra ammine copper hydroxide Water$
Zinc salt
White precipitates develop
$Zn {({NO}_{3})}_{2} (s) + 2 {NH}_{4} OH (aq) \to Zn {(OH)}_{2} (s) + 2 {NH}_{4} ({NO}_{3}) (aq) Zinc nitrate Ammonium hydroxide Zinc hydroxide Ammonium nitrate$
White precipitate is soluble in excess NH₄OH
$Zn {(OH)}_{2} (s) + 2 {NH}_{4} ({NO}_{3}) (aq) + 2 {NH}_{4} OH (aq) \to [Zn {({NH}_{3})}_{4}] {SO}_{4} (aq) + 4 H_{2} O (l) Zinc hydroxide Ammonium nitrate Ammonium hydroxide Tetra ammine zinc (II) sulphate Water$

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Distinguish by adding : Sodium hydroxide solution and ammonium hydroxide solution to
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Z n^{2 +}

and

P b^{2 +}

using ammonium hydroxide solution. Reason: Zinc ions with ammonium hydroxide gives white precipitate of zinc hydroxide which dissolves in excess of ammonium hydroxide. Aqueous solution of lead salt do not show any change on treatment with ammonium hydroxide

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(c) Copper salt solution and ferrous salt solution.
(d) Fe(II) salt solution and Fe(III) salt solution.

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