Question

Explain any five measures adopted by America for postwar (First World War) recovery.
Or
What is the importance of advertisement? How advertisement was used by the Britishers to expand the market for their products?
Or
Describe in brief the development of Bombay (Mumbai) as the Prime city of India.

Answer 1

The live measures adopted by America for postwar (First World War) recovery were as follows:
(i) USA moved towards mass production which lowered the cost of production.
(ii) Due to lower cost of production, producers started giving higher wages to the workers.
(iii) The demand for common household products boomed the housing sector.
(iv) The housing and consumer boom of the 1920s created the basis of prosperity in the US. Large investments in housing and household goods seemed to create a cycle of higher employment and incomes, rising consumption demand. more investment, and yet more employment and incomes.
(v) In 1923, the US resumed exporting capital to the rest of the world and became the largest overseas lender.
Or
The Britishers used advertisements for expanding the market of their products in the following ways
(i) Advertisements make products appear desirable and necessary. Advertisement shape the minds of people and create new needs.
(ii) They help in forming a new consumer culture.
(iii) When Manchester industrialists began selling cloth in India, they put !able that was needed to make the place of manufacture and the name of the company familiar to the buyer. The table was also to be a mark of quality. When buyers saw 'MADE IN MANCHESTER' written in bold on the label, they were expected to feel confident about buying the cloth.
(iv) Images of Indian Gods and Goddesses regularly appeared on the labels. It was as if the association with Gods gave divine approval to the good being sold.
(v) Manufacturers were printing calendars to popularize their product.
Or
Bombay has been developed as the Prime city of India in the following manner
(i) In the 17th century, Bombay was a group of seven islands under Portuguese control. In 1661, control of the islands passed into British hands after the marriage of Britain's king Charles II to the Portuguese princess.
(ii) The East India Company quickly shifted its base from Surat, its principal Western port, to Bombay. At first, Bombay was the major outlet for cotton textiles from Gujarat.
(iii) Later, in the 19th century, the city functioned as a port through which large quantities of raw materials such as cotton and opium would pass. (iv) Gradually, it also became an important administrative centre in Western India, and then by the end of the 19th century, a major industrial centre.
(v) Bombay became the capital of the Bombay Presidency in 1819, after the Maratha defeat in the Anglo-Maratha War. The city quickly expanded. With the growth of trade in cotton and opium, large communities of traders and bankers as well as artisans and shopkeepers came to settle in Bombay. The establishment of textile mills led to a fresh surge in migration.