Give reasons:-
(a) $H C H O$ is more reactive than ${C H}_{3} - C H O$ towards addition of $H C N$ .
(b) $p K a$ of $O_{2} N - C H_{2} - C O O H$ is lower than that of $C H_{3} C O O H$
(c) Alpha hydrogens of aldehydes and ketones is acidic in nature.

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Solution

(a) $H C H O$ is more reactive towards additions of $H C N$ than $C H_{3} C H O$ because of the electron releasing effect of $C H_{3}$ in $C H_{3} C H O$ , electrophilicity of carbonyl carbon decreases.
(b) Due to electron-withdrawing nature of $- N O_{2}$ group which increases the acidic strength and decreases the $p K a$ value.
(c) Alpha hydrogen is nothing but the hydrogen atom attached to the alpha carbon atom,which in turn is attached to the carbonyl carbon. After removal of alpha hydrogen atom, conjugated base so obtained is resonance stabilised. Hence alpha hydrogen atoms in aldehydes and ketones are acidic in nature

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