How can bulk flow be achieved?

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Solution

Bulk flow:
This phenomenon is also referred to as the mass flow hypothesis.
It is the process of water movement via xylem tissue from the soil to the leaves and other parts of the plant.
Mass flow term can also be used in reference to the flow of bulky materials like sucrose through the phloem.
Bulk flow in plants is carried out due to both positive as well as negative hydrostatic pressure gradients.
Hydrostatic pressure refers to the pressure that is exerted by some fluid in an equilibrium position due to the gravitational force.
Positive hydrostatic pressure refers to the force which is exerted in the direction of gravity.
Negative hydrostatic pressure means the kind of pressure which is exerted against the gravity.

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How can passive immunity be achieved?

Assertion : Mass or bulk flow is the movement of substance en masse from one point to another, as a result of pressure difference between the two points.

Reason: It can be achieved only through positive hydrostatic pressure.

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