Question

How did the small tribes of earlier period give way to large kingdoms?

Answer 1

The main reason for the gradual development of large kingdoms from small tribes was the beginning of use of iron. With the help of iron tools, the dense forests of the Ganga valley region, which had hitherto not allowed expansion in the region, were cleared. This freed up more land for agriculture and eventually the smaller, fragmented tribes made way for larger and coherent kingdoms, known as janapadas.