Replacement of −H group by −SO3H group in an arene via electrophilic aromatic substitution is called sulphonation.
Riemer Tiemann reaction introduces an aldehyde group, on to the aromatic ring of phenol, ortho to the hydroxyl group. This reaction involves electrophilic aromatic substitution. This is a general method for the synthesis of substituted salicylaldehydes as depicted below
The electrophile in this reaction is