Question

Tabulate the information on 3 bacterial, Viral, Fungal, Protozoal diseases, with emphasis on Symptoms and preventive measures of each.​

Answer 1

Dear student.

Bacterial Diseases

Diseases	Causative organisms	Target organ	Port of entry	Symptoms	Transmission	Control and prevention
Tuberculosis	Mycobacterium tuberculosis	Lungs	Respiratory tract	Weight loss, cough, fever, chest pain, breathlessness, blood-containing sputum	Droplet infection	BCG vaccine, antibiotics such as streptomycin; quarantining the patient
Diphtheria	Corynebacterium diphtheriae	Heat, Kidney and muscles	Respiratory tract	Sore throat, skin ulcers	Droplet infection	DPT vaccine; quarantining the patient; antitoxins, antibiotic prophylaxis
Whooping cough (pertussis)	Bordetella pertussis	Lungs	Respiratory tract	Severe cough with whooping sound, vomiting	Droplet infection	DPT vaccine
Tetanus	Clostridium tetani	Nervous system, muscles	Cuts and open wounds in the skin	Muscular spasms of the mouth and neck regions, convulsions, death due to lack of oxygen	Cuts and open wounds in the skin	DPT vaccine, Tetanus Toxoid injection
Cholera	Vibrio cholerae	Small intestines	Mouth	Inflammation of the gut, severe diarrhoea, abdominal pain characterised by rice-water stools	Faecal contamination of water and food	Antibiotics such as tetracycline and chloramphenicol; clean water supply, properly disposing wastes
Typhoid	Salmonella typhi	small intestines, Liver	Mouth	Fever, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, vomiting, headache	Faecal contamination of food and water	Antibiotics such as ampicillin and chloramphenicol
Syphilis	Treponema pallidum	Genitalia, mucous membranes, CNS, CVS	Sex organs, blood contact	Pinhead or pea-sized sores with red centre around the sex organs	Sexual contact with infected person	Penicillin injection; avoiding sexual contact with infected person
Gonorrhoea	Neisseria gonorrhoeae	Reproductive tract	Sex organs	Burning sensation during urination, feeling of ill health, fever, headache	Sexual contact with infected person	Antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin; avoiding sexual contact with infected person

Fungal Diseases

Diseases	Causative organisms	Target organs	Port of entry	Symptoms	Transmission	Control and prevention
Ringworm	Microsporum, Trichophyton,Epidermophyton	Skin	Skin	Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body like the scalp, the skin and the skin folds such as those in the groin or between the toes, intense itching	Generally acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes and combs of infected individuals	Maintaining personal and public hygiene
Athlete’s foot	Trichophyton	Feet	Skin	Scaling, flaking and itching of affected areas of the feet	Generally spread by using contaminated socks and clothes	Try to keep the affected area dry

Viral Diseases

Diseases and incubation periods	Causative organisms	Target organs	Port of entry	Symptoms	Transmission	Control and prevention
Poliomyelitis (polio); 9−14 days	Poliovirus	Small intestines	Mouth	Fever, headache, stiffness or paralysis of limbs	Droplet infection, faeces and nasal secretion	Administering oral polio vaccine to children in the age group of 18−24 months
Mumps; 12−26 days	Mumps virus (Paramyxovirus)	Parotid salivary glands	Respiratory tract	Swelling of parotid salivary glands, mainly in children	Droplet infection	MMR vaccine; quarantining the patient
Rabies; 14 days to several months	Rabies virus	Nervous system	Skin	Headache, nervousness, fever, painful spasms, fear of water (hydrophobia)	Bite of infected animal	Rabies vaccine, cleaning bite wound, checking if animal was rabid; immunization of pets and humans with anti-rabies vaccine
Influenza (flu); 48 hours	Myxovirus (3 strains)	Respiratory tract	Respiratory tract	Fever, headache, sore throat, muscular aches	Droplet infection	Influenza vaccine; keeping the mouth and nose covered while sneezing, staying away from infected persons
Measles; 10−12 days	Paramyxovirus	Respiratory tract, Epithelial cells and lymphoid organs	Respiratory tract	Sore throat, cough, fever, skin rashes	Droplet infection	Administering MMR vaccine to children in the age group of 9−15 months
Chickenpox; 14−20 days	Varicella zoster	Mouth, GI tract, skin	Respiratory tract	Fever, headache, rashes (which later form crusts on the skin)	Droplet infection	Vaccination; single attack gives lifelong immunity
Common cold; 1−3 days	Rhinovirus	Respiratory tract	Respiratory tract	Sneezing, coughing, sore throat, infection of the upper respiratory tract, fever, chills, headache, nasal secretion	Droplet infection	Taking adequate rest; covering the mouth and nose while sneezing
Jaundice 2-3 weeks	Hepatitis virus	Liver	Mouth	High fever, headache, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, dark yellow urine	Contaminated food and water	Maintaining good hygiene and sanitary conditions, avoiding stale food
Hepatitis B; 6 weeks to 6 months	Hepatitis virus	Liver	Sex organs, skin cuts	Flu-like symptoms, jaundice, nausea, loss of appetite	Blood to blood and though sexual contact	Hepatitis-B vaccine, 3 doses of the vaccine and one booster dose for children in the age group of 1−3 months, control-injection of interferon on the advice of the doctor, using chlorinated and boiled water, avoiding fatty and protein-rich food
AIDS; 28 months	HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)	Lymph nodes, T lymphocytes (Immune system)	Sex organs	Fatigue, loss of weight, dry cough, oral rashes, headache, occurrence of cancers and lung infections	Blood to blood and through sexual contact	No cure; avoiding sexual contact with unknown persons, screening blood before transfusion, avoiding sharing of needles

Protozoan and Helminth Diseases

Diseases and incubation periods	Causative organisms	Target organs	Port of entry	Symptoms	Transmission	Control and prevention
Malaria; 3 weeks	Plasmodium spp.	Liver	Skin (bite of mosquito)	Fever, chills, vomiting, headache	Anopheles spp. (mosquito bite)	Drugs such as chloroquine, primaquine, daraprim and mepacrine; not allowing mosquitoes to breed in your surroundings, using mosquito nets and repellents
Amoebic dysentery (amoebiasis); 1−4 weeks	Entamoeba histolytica	Small intestines	Mouth	Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, stools with blood, nausea, vomiting	Contaminated food	Drugs such as metronidazole; preparing food hygienically, keeping food away from flies
Ascariasis; 10− 40 days	Ascaris spp.	Intestine	Mouth	Loss of appetite, insufficiency of nutrients, jaundice	Contamination of food and water by soil and faecal matter	Drugs such as mebendazole, pyrantel pamoate and piperazine citrate; cleaning vegetables and fruits before consumption
Taeniasis; 7− 12 weeks	Taenia solium and Taenia saginata	Small intestine	Mouth	Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, indigestion, nutritional deficiency	Eating raw or undercooked beef and pork	Drugs such as praziquantel and niclosamide; properly cooking beef and pork, personal hygiene
Filariasis or elephantiasis; 1 year or more	Wuchereria bancrofti	Lymph nodes	Skin bite	Enlargement of lymph nodes, swelling of limbs, pain, oedema, fever, headache	Bite of Culex mosquito	Diethylcarbamazine; control vector by using insecticides, maintaining proper hygiene

Regards.