The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another is governed by the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The average efficiency of energy transfer from herbivores to carnivores is
Any energy transformation is governed by the second law of thermodynamics. It simply states that whenever energy is transformed, there is a loss of energy through the release of heat. Similarly energy is lost as heat when it is transferred between trophic levels like in a food chain/food web. This makes the flow of energy in an ecosystem unidirectional. The studies of transfer of energy in different food chains in a large number of ecosystems have revealed a uniform pattern, which is stated as the 10 per cent law by lindemann. According to this law, only 10 per cent of the energy entering a particular trophic level of organisms is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.