$H - O | | C - O H I ⟷ H - O^{-} | C - + O I I ⟷ H - O | + C - O I I I ⟷ H - O | - C - O H V I$
Examine the following resonation structures of formic acid for their individual stability and then answer the question given below.
Which of the following arrangements gives the correct of decreasing stability of the above-mentioned resonance contributors?

I I > I > I I I > I V

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I > I I > I I I > I V

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I V > I I I > I > I I

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I V > I I I > I = I I

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Solution

The correct option is B $I > I I > I I I > I V$
In resonance contributors, the structure having no charge separation is more stable than the one with charge separation. Also, presence of positive charge on relatively electropositive atom is more stable. Same is the case with negative charge, oi.e., it is more stable on an electronegative element. More the separation between charges, less is the stability.
Considering these points, the order of stability will be:
$I > I I > I I I > I V$

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H - O | | C - O H \leftrightarrow H - O^{-} | C = + O H \leftrightarrow H -^{-} O - H \leftrightarrow H -^{+} O - H

I

I I

I I I

I V

H - N = C = O I \leftrightarrow H - ⊖ N - C \equiv \oplus O I I \leftrightarrow H - \oplus N \equiv C - ⊖ O I I I

(I) H_{2} C = + N = - N

(I I) H_{2} + C - N = - N

(I I I) H_{2} - C - + N \equiv N

(I V) H_{2} - C - N = + N

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$(i v) Θ F$

C_{6} H_{5} C H_{3} I, C_{6} H_{5} C O O H I I, C_{6} H_{6} I I I, C_{6} H_{5} N O_{2} I V

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