Question

What happens to the protons which are not accepted by the electron carriers?

Answer 1

When the protons are not accepted by the electron carriers:

1. These protons move to the outer portion of the mitochondrial membrane.
2. The accumulation of positive charge at one side of the membrane creates a gradient of protons which makes the cytoplasm of the cell more negative and alkaline leading to electrons as well as chemical differences.
3. This is utilized by the cells of bacteria flagella to rotate or take the nutrient.