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Question
What is a homologous series?
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Solution
A homologous series is a series of compounds with the same general formula, usually varying by a single parameter - such as the length of a carbon chain. Some examples are given below:
Homologous seriesGeneral formulaRepeating unitFunctional group(s)Straight−chain alkanesCnH2n+2(n≥1)−CH2−H3C−……−CH3Straight−chain perfluoroalkanesCnF2n+2(n≥1)−CF2−F3C−……−CF3Straight−chain alkylCnH2n+1(n≥1)−CH2−H3C−……−CH2−Straight−chain alkenesCnH2n(n≥2)−CH2−H2C=C−……−CH3Cyclic alkanesCnH2n(n≥1)−CH2−Singly−bonded ringStraight−chain 1−alkynesCnH2n−2(n≥2)−CH2−HC≡C−……−CH3PolyacetylenesC2nH2n+2(n≥2)−CH=CH−H3C−……−CH3Straight−chain primary alcoholsCnH2n+1OH(n≥1)−CH2−H3C−……−OHStraight−chain primaryCnH2n+1COOH(n≥0)−CH2−H3C−……−COOHmonocarboxylic acidsStraight−chain azanesNnHn+2(n≥1)−NH−H2N−……−NH2
Homologous seriesGeneral formulaRepeating unitFunctional group(s)Straight−chain alkanesCnH2n+2(n≥1)−CH2−H3C−……−CH3Straight−chain perfluoroalkanesCnF2n+2(n≥1)−CF2−F3C−……−CF3Straight−chain alkylCnH2n+1(n≥1)−CH2−H3C−……−CH2−Straight−chain alkenesCnH2n(n≥2)−CH2−H2C=C−……−CH3Cyclic alkanesCnH2n(n≥1)−CH2−Singly−bonded ringStraight−chain 1−alkynesCnH2n−2(n≥2)−CH2−HC≡C−……−CH3PolyacetylenesC2nH2n+2(n≥2)−CH=CH−H3C−……−CH3Straight−chain primary alcoholsCnH2n+1OH(n≥1)−CH2−H3C−……−OHStraight−chain primaryCnH2n+1COOH(n≥0)−CH2−H3C−……−COOHmonocarboxylic acidsStraight−chain azanesNnHn+2(n≥1)−NH−H2N−……−NH2
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