It's a thin layer of fibrous proteins that lies underneath an epithelium's cells, providing support and separating it from the tissues beneath.
Muscle cells, fat cells, and Schwann cells are all surrounded by these membranes, as is a tiny basement membrane in the renal glomerulus.
It acts as a filter in this case.
These basement membranes are extracellular matrix components that assist regulate the passage of materials between epithelial cells and nearby blood vessels.