Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules?
$(a) C H_{3} - C H_{3}$
$(b) C H_{3} - C H = C H_{2}$
$(c) C H_{3} - C H_{2} - O H$
$(d) C H_{3} - C H O$
$(e) C H_{3} C O O H$

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Solution

$(a) C H_{3} - C H_{3}$
Both the carbon atoms are $s p^{3}$ hybridized.
$(b) C H_{3} - C H = C H_{2}$
The carbon atom of methyl group is $s p^{3}$ hybridized whereas other two carbon atoms are $s p^{2}$ hybridized.
$(c) C H_{3} - C H_{2} - O H$
Both the carbon atoms are $s p^{3}$ hybridized.
$(d) C H_{3} - C H O$
The carbon atom of methyl group is $s p^{3}$ hybridized whereas the other carbon atom is $s p^{2}$ hybridized.
$(e) C H_{3} C O O H$
The carbon atom of methyl group is $s p^{3}$ hybridized whereas the other carbon atom is $s p^{2}$ hybridized.

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Which hybrid orbitals are used by carbon atoms in the following molecules?

CH₃–CH₃; (b) CH₃–CH=CH₂; (c) CH₃-CH₂-OH; (d) CH₃-CHO (e) CH₃COOH

C H_{3} - C H_{2} - C ∥ O - N H_{2} A ⟶ C H_{3} - C H_{2} - N H_{2} B ⟶ C H_{3} - C H_{2} - O H

A

B

What are the hybridization states of each carbon atom(s) in the following molecules ?

(i) $C H_{3} * C H_{2} C H_{2} C H_{3}$

(ii) $C H_{2} = C^{*} H - C H = C H_{2}$

(iii) $C H_{3} * C H = C H - C H_{3}$

(iv) $H - * C \equiv C - H$

C = C

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