2
Question
Briefly describe the followings:
a. Anaemia
b. Angina Pectoris
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Hypertension
e. Heart failure
f. Erythroblastosis foetalis
a. Anaemia
b. Angina Pectoris
c. Atherosclerosis
d. Hypertension
e. Heart failure
f. Erythroblastosis foetalis
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Solution
a. Anaemia:
∙ Anaemia is the deficiency of RBCs in the blood.
∙ Iron and proteins are necessary raw materials for the synthesis of haemoglobin.
∙ Vitamin B12 and folic acid stimulate the maturation of RBC’s.
∙ Thus, iron, proteins, vitamin B12 and folic acids are essential for the formation of haemoglobin and RBC’s. Deficiency of any of these nutrients can cause anaemia.
b. Angina pectoris:
∙ Angina pectoris is the pain in the chest due to reduced coronary circulation. Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles (myocardium).
∙ Due to coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary arteries get blocked (due to deposition of fat, calcium and cholesterol in the arteries) and therefore heart muscles do not get sufficient (normal supply) amount of oxygenated blood. This causes angina (acute chest pain).
c. Atherosclerosis:
∙ Atherosclerosis is plaque (fatty deposits) deposition in the arteries.
∙ These deposits are made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood).
∙ As plaque builds up, the wall of the blood vessel thickens. This narrows the lumen within the artery, thus reducing blood flow. This reduces the amount of oxygen and other nutrients reaching the body.
d. Hypertension:
∙ Hypertension is a persistent rise in blood pressure as a result of narrowing of the lumen of the artery and reduced elasticity of arterial walls.
∙ For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is 120/80mm Hg.
∙ For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.
∙ Hypertension is a serious medical condition and can increase the risk of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases
e. Heart failure:
∙ Heart failure is the state of the heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body.
∙ It is sometimes called congestive heart failure. Because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
∙ Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscles are suddenly damaged by inadequate supply).
f. Erythroblastosis foetalis:
∙ A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between theRh -ve blood of a pregnant mother with Rh +ve blood of the fetus.
∙ The RBCs from the foetus get into the blood of the mother causing her to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
∙ The first child of such a mother is normally delivered.In the second subsequent Rh+ pregnancy, the foetus will be exposed to the anti Rh antibodies that were produced by the mother and results in destruction of RBCs of the foetus and cause erythroblastosis foetalis.
∙ Anaemia is the deficiency of RBCs in the blood.
∙ Iron and proteins are necessary raw materials for the synthesis of haemoglobin.
∙ Vitamin B12 and folic acid stimulate the maturation of RBC’s.
∙ Thus, iron, proteins, vitamin B12 and folic acids are essential for the formation of haemoglobin and RBC’s. Deficiency of any of these nutrients can cause anaemia.
b. Angina pectoris:
∙ Angina pectoris is the pain in the chest due to reduced coronary circulation. Coronary arteries supply oxygenated blood to the heart muscles (myocardium).
∙ Due to coronary artery disease (CAD), coronary arteries get blocked (due to deposition of fat, calcium and cholesterol in the arteries) and therefore heart muscles do not get sufficient (normal supply) amount of oxygenated blood. This causes angina (acute chest pain).
c. Atherosclerosis:
∙ Atherosclerosis is plaque (fatty deposits) deposition in the arteries.
∙ These deposits are made up of cholesterol, fatty substances, cellular waste products, calcium and fibrin (a clotting material in the blood).
∙ As plaque builds up, the wall of the blood vessel thickens. This narrows the lumen within the artery, thus reducing blood flow. This reduces the amount of oxygen and other nutrients reaching the body.
d. Hypertension:
∙ Hypertension is a persistent rise in blood pressure as a result of narrowing of the lumen of the artery and reduced elasticity of arterial walls.
∙ For most adults, normal blood pressure at rest is 120/80mm Hg.
∙ For most adults, high blood pressure is present if the resting blood pressure is persistently at or above 130/80 or 140/90 mmHg.
∙ Hypertension is a serious medical condition and can increase the risk of heart, brain, kidney, and other diseases
e. Heart failure:
∙ Heart failure is the state of the heart when it does not pump blood effectively enough to meet the needs of the body.
∙ It is sometimes called congestive heart failure. Because congestion of the lungs is one of the main symptoms of this disease.
∙ Heart failure is not the same as cardiac arrest (when the heart stops beating) or a heart attack (when the heart muscles are suddenly damaged by inadequate supply).
f. Erythroblastosis foetalis:
∙ A special case of Rh incompatibility (mismatching) has been observed between theRh -ve blood of a pregnant mother with Rh +ve blood of the fetus.
∙ The RBCs from the foetus get into the blood of the mother causing her to produce anti-Rh antibodies.
∙ The first child of such a mother is normally delivered.In the second subsequent Rh+ pregnancy, the foetus will be exposed to the anti Rh antibodies that were produced by the mother and results in destruction of RBCs of the foetus and cause erythroblastosis foetalis.
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