Which of the following(s) is/are examples of heterogeneous catalysis?

4 N H_{3} (g) + 5 O_{2} (g) P t (s) ⟶ 4 N O (g) + 6 H_{2} O (g)

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Vegetable oils (l) + H_{2} (g) N i (s) ⟶ Vegetable ghee (s)

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2 S O_{2} (g) + O_{2} (g) N O (g) ⟶ 2 S O_{3} (g)

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C_{12} H_{22} O_{11} (a q) + H_{2} O (l) H_{2} S O_{4} (l) ⟶ C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} (a q) + C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} (a q)

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Solution

The correct option is B $Vegetable oils (l) + H_{2} (g) N i (s) ⟶ Vegetable ghee (s)$
Catalyst can be classified into many types based on different parameters.
On the basis of phases, the catalyst is of two types,
1. Homogeneous catalyst
2. Heterogeneous catalyst

Homogeneous catalyst:
When catalysts and reactants are in the same phase, then the catalyst is called homogeneous catalyst and the process is called homogenous catalysis.
Example:
1. $C H_{3} C O O C_{2} H_{5} (l) + H_{2} O (l) H C l (l) ⟶ C H_{3} C O O H (a q) + C H_{3} O H (a q)$

2. $2 S O_{2} (g) + O_{2} (g) N O (g) ⟶ 2 S O_{3} (g)$

3. $C_{12} H_{22} O_{11} (a q) + H_{2} O (l) H_{2} S O_{4} (l) ⟶ C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} (a q) + C_{6} H_{12} O_{6} (a q)$

In all these, both the catalyst and reactants are in same phase so it is a homogeneous catalyst.

Heterogeneous catalyst:
When catalysts and reactants are in different phase, then the catalyst is called heterogeneous catalyst and the process is called heterogeneous catalysis.

Example:
1. $2 S O_{2} (g) + O_{2} (g) P t (s) ⟶ 2 S O_{3} (g)$

2. $Vegetable oils (l) + H_{2} (g) N i (s) ⟶ Vegetable ghee (s)$

3. $4 N H_{3} (g) + 5 O_{2} (g) P t (s) ⟶ 4 N O (g) + 6 H_{2} O (g)$

Here, both the catalyst and reactants are in different phase so it is a homogeneous catalysis.

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